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Battle of Xiaoting
The Battle of Xiaoting, also known as the Battle of Yiling and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting, was fought between the state of Shu Han and the vassal kingdom of Wu in 222 CE in the early Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle is significant because of the decisive Wu victory, which halted the Shu invasion and preceded the death of Liu Bei, Shu's founding emperor.
==Background==
In late 219, Lü Meng, one of Sun Quan's generals, led an army to invade Liu Bei's territory in Jing Province (covering parts of present-day Hubei and Hunan). Guan Yu, the general appointed by Liu Bei to guard Jing Province, was away at the Battle of Fancheng and did not know about the invasion until after he returned from the battle. He was surrounded by Sun Quan's forces in Maicheng (麥城; present-day Maicheng Village, Lianghe Town, Dangyang, Hubei) and captured in an ambush while trying to break out of the siege. Sun Quan had him executed in Linju (臨沮; in present-day Nanzhang County, Xiangyang, Hubei).〔(權已據江陵，盡虜羽士衆妻子，羽軍遂散。權遣將逆擊羽，斬羽及子平于臨沮。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 36.〕
In the tenth lunar month of 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate in his favour and effectively ended the Eastern Han dynasty. He established the state of Wei and became its first emperor.〔(冬，十月，乙卯，漢帝告祠高廟，使行御史大夫張音持節奉璽綬詔冊，禪位于魏。王三上書辭讓，乃為壇於繁陽，辛未，升壇受璽綬，卽皇帝位，燎祭天地、嶽瀆，改元，大赦。) ''Zizhi Tongjian'' vol. 69.〕 In the fourth month of 221, Liu Bei declared himself Emperor at the south of Wudan (武擔; in present-day Chengdu, Sichuan)〔(夏，四月，丙午，漢中王卽皇帝位於武擔之南，大赦，改元章武。以諸葛亮為丞相，許靖為司徒。) ''Zizhi Tongjian'' vol. 69.〕〔(()冬，魏嗣王稱尊號，改元為黃初。二年四月，劉備稱帝於蜀。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 47.〕 and established a new state, historically known as Shu Han, to contest Cao Pi's claim to the Han throne. Around the same time, Sun Quan shifted the capital of his territories from Gong'an (公安; present-day Gong'an County, Jingzhou, Hubei) to E (鄂; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), which he renamed "Wuchang" (武昌).〔(孫權自公安徙都鄂，更名鄂曰武昌。) ''Zizhi Tongjian'' vol. 69.〕 In the eighth month of 221, Sun Quan pledged allegiance to Cao Pi and became a vassal under the Wei regime, after which Cao conferred the title "King of Wu" (吳王) on him.〔(八月，孫權遣使稱臣，卑辭奉章，幷送于禁等還。 ... 丁巳，遣太常邢貞奉策卽拜孫權為吳王，加九錫。) ''Zizhi Tongjian'' vol. 69.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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